286 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
286 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
Kernel Connection Multiplexor
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-----------------------------
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Kernel Connection Multiplexor (KCM) is a mechanism that provides a message based
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interface over TCP for generic application protocols. With KCM an application
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can efficiently send and receive application protocol messages over TCP using
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datagram sockets.
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KCM implements an NxM multiplexor in the kernel as diagrammed below:
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+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
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| KCM socket | | KCM socket | | KCM socket | | KCM socket |
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+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
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| | | |
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+-----------+ | | +----------+
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| | | |
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+----------------------------------+
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| Multiplexor |
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+----------------------------------+
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| | | | |
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+---------+ | | | ------------+
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| | | | |
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+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
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| Psock | | Psock | | Psock | | Psock | | Psock |
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+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
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| | | | |
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+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
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| TCP sock | | TCP sock | | TCP sock | | TCP sock | | TCP sock |
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+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
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KCM sockets
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-----------
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The KCM sockets provide the user interface to the multiplexor. All the KCM sockets
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bound to a multiplexor are considered to have equivalent function, and I/O
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operations in different sockets may be done in parallel without the need for
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synchronization between threads in userspace.
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Multiplexor
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-----------
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The multiplexor provides the message steering. In the transmit path, messages
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written on a KCM socket are sent atomically on an appropriate TCP socket.
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Similarly, in the receive path, messages are constructed on each TCP socket
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(Psock) and complete messages are steered to a KCM socket.
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TCP sockets & Psocks
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--------------------
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TCP sockets may be bound to a KCM multiplexor. A Psock structure is allocated
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for each bound TCP socket, this structure holds the state for constructing
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messages on receive as well as other connection specific information for KCM.
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Connected mode semantics
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------------------------
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Each multiplexor assumes that all attached TCP connections are to the same
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destination and can use the different connections for load balancing when
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transmitting. The normal send and recv calls (include sendmmsg and recvmmsg)
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can be used to send and receive messages from the KCM socket.
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Socket types
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------------
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KCM supports SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_SEQPACKET socket types.
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Message delineation
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-------------------
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Messages are sent over a TCP stream with some application protocol message
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format that typically includes a header which frames the messages. The length
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of a received message can be deduced from the application protocol header
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(often just a simple length field).
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A TCP stream must be parsed to determine message boundaries. Berkeley Packet
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Filter (BPF) is used for this. When attaching a TCP socket to a multiplexor a
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BPF program must be specified. The program is called at the start of receiving
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a new message and is given an skbuff that contains the bytes received so far.
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It parses the message header and returns the length of the message. Given this
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information, KCM will construct the message of the stated length and deliver it
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to a KCM socket.
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TCP socket management
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---------------------
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When a TCP socket is attached to a KCM multiplexor data ready (POLLIN) and
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write space available (POLLOUT) events are handled by the multiplexor. If there
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is a state change (disconnection) or other error on a TCP socket, an error is
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posted on the TCP socket so that a POLLERR event happens and KCM discontinues
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using the socket. When the application gets the error notification for a
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TCP socket, it should unattach the socket from KCM and then handle the error
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condition (the typical response is to close the socket and create a new
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connection if necessary).
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KCM limits the maximum receive message size to be the size of the receive
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socket buffer on the attached TCP socket (the socket buffer size can be set by
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SO_RCVBUF). If the length of a new message reported by the BPF program is
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greater than this limit a corresponding error (EMSGSIZE) is posted on the TCP
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socket. The BPF program may also enforce a maximum messages size and report an
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error when it is exceeded.
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A timeout may be set for assembling messages on a receive socket. The timeout
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value is taken from the receive timeout of the attached TCP socket (this is set
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by SO_RCVTIMEO). If the timer expires before assembly is complete an error
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(ETIMEDOUT) is posted on the socket.
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User interface
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==============
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Creating a multiplexor
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----------------------
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A new multiplexor and initial KCM socket is created by a socket call:
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socket(AF_KCM, type, protocol)
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- type is either SOCK_DGRAM or SOCK_SEQPACKET
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- protocol is KCMPROTO_CONNECTED
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Cloning KCM sockets
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-------------------
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After the first KCM socket is created using the socket call as described
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above, additional sockets for the multiplexor can be created by cloning
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a KCM socket. This is accomplished by an ioctl on a KCM socket:
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/* From linux/kcm.h */
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struct kcm_clone {
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int fd;
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};
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struct kcm_clone info;
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memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
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err = ioctl(kcmfd, SIOCKCMCLONE, &info);
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if (!err)
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newkcmfd = info.fd;
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Attach transport sockets
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------------------------
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Attaching of transport sockets to a multiplexor is performed by calling an
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ioctl on a KCM socket for the multiplexor. e.g.:
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/* From linux/kcm.h */
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struct kcm_attach {
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int fd;
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int bpf_fd;
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};
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struct kcm_attach info;
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memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
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info.fd = tcpfd;
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info.bpf_fd = bpf_prog_fd;
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ioctl(kcmfd, SIOCKCMATTACH, &info);
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The kcm_attach structure contains:
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fd: file descriptor for TCP socket being attached
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bpf_prog_fd: file descriptor for compiled BPF program downloaded
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Unattach transport sockets
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--------------------------
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Unattaching a transport socket from a multiplexor is straightforward. An
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"unattach" ioctl is done with the kcm_unattach structure as the argument:
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/* From linux/kcm.h */
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struct kcm_unattach {
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int fd;
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};
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struct kcm_unattach info;
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memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
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info.fd = cfd;
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ioctl(fd, SIOCKCMUNATTACH, &info);
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Disabling receive on KCM socket
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-------------------------------
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A setsockopt is used to disable or enable receiving on a KCM socket.
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When receive is disabled, any pending messages in the socket's
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receive buffer are moved to other sockets. This feature is useful
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if an application thread knows that it will be doing a lot of
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work on a request and won't be able to service new messages for a
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while. Example use:
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int val = 1;
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setsockopt(kcmfd, SOL_KCM, KCM_RECV_DISABLE, &val, sizeof(val))
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BFP programs for message delineation
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------------------------------------
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BPF programs can be compiled using the BPF LLVM backend. For example,
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the BPF program for parsing Thrift is:
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#include "bpf.h" /* for __sk_buff */
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#include "bpf_helpers.h" /* for load_word intrinsic */
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SEC("socket_kcm")
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int bpf_prog1(struct __sk_buff *skb)
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{
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return load_word(skb, 0) + 4;
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}
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char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
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Use in applications
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===================
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KCM accelerates application layer protocols. Specifically, it allows
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applications to use a message based interface for sending and receiving
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messages. The kernel provides necessary assurances that messages are sent
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and received atomically. This relieves much of the burden applications have
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in mapping a message based protocol onto the TCP stream. KCM also make
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application layer messages a unit of work in the kernel for the purposes of
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steering and scheduling, which in turn allows a simpler networking model in
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multithreaded applications.
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Configurations
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--------------
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In an Nx1 configuration, KCM logically provides multiple socket handles
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to the same TCP connection. This allows parallelism between in I/O
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operations on the TCP socket (for instance copyin and copyout of data is
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parallelized). In an application, a KCM socket can be opened for each
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processing thread and inserted into the epoll (similar to how SO_REUSEPORT
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is used to allow multiple listener sockets on the same port).
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In a MxN configuration, multiple connections are established to the
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same destination. These are used for simple load balancing.
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Message batching
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----------------
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The primary purpose of KCM is load balancing between KCM sockets and hence
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threads in a nominal use case. Perfect load balancing, that is steering
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each received message to a different KCM socket or steering each sent
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message to a different TCP socket, can negatively impact performance
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since this doesn't allow for affinities to be established. Balancing
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based on groups, or batches of messages, can be beneficial for performance.
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On transmit, there are three ways an application can batch (pipeline)
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messages on a KCM socket.
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1) Send multiple messages in a single sendmmsg.
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2) Send a group of messages each with a sendmsg call, where all messages
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except the last have MSG_BATCH in the flags of sendmsg call.
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3) Create "super message" composed of multiple messages and send this
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with a single sendmsg.
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On receive, the KCM module attempts to queue messages received on the
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same KCM socket during each TCP ready callback. The targeted KCM socket
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changes at each receive ready callback on the KCM socket. The application
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does not need to configure this.
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Error handling
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--------------
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An application should include a thread to monitor errors raised on
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the TCP connection. Normally, this will be done by placing each
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TCP socket attached to a KCM multiplexor in epoll set for POLLERR
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event. If an error occurs on an attached TCP socket, KCM sets an EPIPE
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on the socket thus waking up the application thread. When the application
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sees the error (which may just be a disconnect) it should unattach the
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socket from KCM and then close it. It is assumed that once an error is
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posted on the TCP socket the data stream is unrecoverable (i.e. an error
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may have occurred in the middle of receiving a message).
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TCP connection monitoring
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-------------------------
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In KCM there is no means to correlate a message to the TCP socket that
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was used to send or receive the message (except in the case there is
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only one attached TCP socket). However, the application does retain
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an open file descriptor to the socket so it will be able to get statistics
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from the socket which can be used in detecting issues (such as high
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retransmissions on the socket).
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